The glands that secrete hormones in the body are called endocrine or endocrine glands. Endocrine organs (glands) synthesize (produce) and secrete hormones. Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and show their effects in the target organs they reach, and are responsible for providing and maintaining many physiological functions in the body, including growth, development, reproduction, metabolic control and appetite regulation. Hormones also control our response to our environment and help provide the appropriate amount of energy and nutrients needed for our body's functions. The endocrine glands that make up the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, reproductive glands (ovaries in women, testicles in men), adrenal glands (adrenal, adrenal), adipose tissue and endothelium. Endocrinology (Hormone Science) and Metabolic Diseases Science Branch; The Department of Internal Medicine is a branch of medicine that examines the functions of the endocrine glands, the hormones they secrete and the diseases related to these glands, and diagnoses, treats and follows up these diseases. Hormone deficiency (hypofunction), hormone excess (hyperfunction), decreased sensitivity to hormones, excessive external doses of hormones, tumors of the endocrine glands and metabolic diseases are among the main subjects of the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases. In addition, metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood), metabolic syndrome, vitamin (especially vitamin D) and mineral (especially calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) metabolism disorders and osteoporosis (osteoporosis) are among the most common diseases of this branch of science. In the diagnosis of endocrine diseases; A detailed anamnesis and physical examination, biochemical and hormonal tests, imaging methods (such as direct radiography, USG, scintigraphy, ECHO, computed tomography, MRI, PET-CT, angiography), rhythm and blood pressure Holter, DEXA and organ biopsies are used.

MAIN ENDOCRINOLOGICAL DISEASES ACCORDING TO ENDOCRINE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

Pituitary Gland Diseases

• Prolactin (PRL, milk hormone) hormone excess (PROLACTINOMA)
• Growth hormone (GH) excess (GIANTISM and ACROMEGALY)
• ACTH and Cortisol hormone excess (CUSHING DISEASE)
• Growth hormone deficiency and short stature in adults
• Pituitary gland insufficiency (HYPOPITUITARISM)
• Diabetes insipidus (DIABETES INSIPIDUS)
• Pituitary tumors
• Pituitary incidentaloma
• Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
• Inflammatory diseases of the pituitary gland (HYPOPHYSITIS)

Thyroid Gland Diseases

• All types of goiter including euthyroid goiter (Thyroid gland enlargement)
• Overactivity of the thyroid gland, hypofunction (HYPERTHYROIDY/toxic goiter)
• Underactivity of the thyroid gland, hyperfunction (HYPOTHYROIDY)
• Thyroid nodule
• Inflammatory diseases of the thyroid gland (THYROIDITIES)
• Autoimmune thyroid diseases, especially Hashimoto's disease
• Thyroid cancers and other tumors
• Thyroid hormone resistance
• Euthyroid sick syndrome

Parathyroid Gland Diseases

• Parathyroid hormone excess (PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDY)
• Parathyroid hormone deficiency (HYPOPARATHYROIDY)
• Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemias
• Parathyroid gland tumors

Adrenal Gland (Adrenal or Adrenal) Diseases

• Cortisol hormone excess (CUSHING SYNDROME)
• Aldosterone hormone excess (PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM)
• Excess of catecholamine hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline dopamine) (PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA)
• Primary chronic adrenocortical insufficiency (ADDISON DISEASE)
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasias
• Adrenal incidentalomas
• Adrenal gland tumors

Hormonal Diseases of the Ovaries

• Ovarian hormone deficiencies in women (HYPOGONADISM)
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (absence of menstruation, weight gain and increased hair growth)
• Excessive hair growth in women (HIRSUTISM)
• Ovarian tumors

Testis Hormone Diseases

• Testosterone hormone deficiency (HYPOGONADISM)
• Breast enlargement in men (GYNECOMASTIA)
• Erectile dysfunction and impotence (hormonal/testosterone deficiency)
• Testis tumors

METABOLIC AND OTHER HORMONAL DISEASES THAT ENDOCRINOLOGY IS INTERESTED IN

• Diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS)
• Obesity (OBESITY) and other nutritional disorders
• Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) and especially endocrine hypertension
• Lipid metabolism disorders (DYSLIPIDEMIAS): high cholesterol and other blood fats (such as triglycerides) in the blood
• Metabolic syndrome (INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROME) (obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia…)
• Low blood sugar (HYPOGLYCEMIAS)
• All kinds of endocrine diseases and hormone disorders, especially gestational diabetes and thyroid diseases during pregnancy
• Metabolic bone diseases, especially osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS) and osteomalacia (softening of the bones)
• Diseases related to some vitamins and minerals (especially vitamin D and calcium metabolism disorders, vitamin D deficiency)
• Endocrine emergencies such as diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic crises, hyperthyroid crisis (thyroid storm) and pheochromocytoma crisis.
• High uric acid in the blood (gout disease)
• Endocrinological tumoral diseases (NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS)
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Ectopic hormone production and secretion
• Polyglandular deficiencies
• Multiple endocrine neoplasms
• Vitamin and mineral diseases